50 SHOTS INTO 50 COPS

It’s disaster as a future wife’s heart breaks
It’s not an abortion of justice just justice getting raped
Reality is Sean Bell was shot fifty times
Why can’t they serve time, sometimes I lose my mind
Blinded and tied good by evil, blame Adam and Eve
By any means, get even, with a mean thief
In the eve of his last night no justice or peace
Sadness tied with madness fills the bloody streets
Killed for nothing he didn’t have a gun
A good son gone but a revolution will come
Step one is to shoot until it stops
Shots fired fifty times into fifty cops
Let cop bodies drop, no exceptions kill the cop race
No respect filled with disgrace off an easy case based on race
But what comes around goes around, bloodhound
Let off a round cops have kids that become bullet bound
Never safe and sound, all they got was maternity leave
Feminist cops got to bleed so I heave
But first stop to grieve, confront the mother and wife of the seed

CREATIVE NON-FICTION

Creative nonfiction is a new style of writing which utilizes literary elements and poetic concepts to create an interesting story about an event, setting, or individual. This type of writing style is meant to show rather than tell. Creative Nonfiction is a combination of nonfiction fundamentals and literary fundamentals. It can we be presented in different traditions of writing. Even though the genre of creative nonfiction can be left to personal opinion it can include memoirs, journalism, criticism, documentaries, historical articles, and drama. It relies on literary realism through researched documents and captivated coverage. The language it is written in differs from other types of writing because it is more personal and informal. According to the father of creative nonfiction, Lee Gutkind, creative nonfiction’s poetic narrative techniques combine to make actual objects interesting to write about. Creative nonfiction can be defined as the use of literary elements when describing actual facts or events. It presents details that help the reader understand the main point and the facts come alive through literary elements. To me creative nonfiction is using personal experience and outside knowledge and incorporating it into pieces of writing that would otherwise be considered dry nonfiction. Creative nonfiction is an intriguing way of presenting gathered information or ideas to the reader. Writers have the opportunity to incorporate personal experiences with literary techniques to the produce an interesting and enjoyable literary piece. While creative nonfiction incorporates multiple characteristics of literature and non-fiction, there are many other several characteristics that describe creative nonfiction. It is a mixture of primary and secondary sources such as books, magazines, and newspapers use a creative nonfiction approach. For example, it is written with attention to literary style and technique in its presentation of accurate facts.
“All Around the Town” by Herbert Asbury and “The Curve of Binding Energy” by John McPhee are two examples of creative non- fiction. Creative nonfiction is depicted in these two works as the authors incorporate facts with creativity to make the story interesting. It allowed the writers to take factual events and place their personal creativity on the telling of the factual events. In “All Around the Town” Ashbury discusses the scandals, murders, and riots through creative literary means. In “The Curve of Binding Energy”, McPhee discusses the importance of safeguarding of nuclear materials through the characterization of Theodore Taylor’s life. McPhee’s research and McPhee’s experience with Taylor were combined in a literary way to present the threat of security to the information of nuclear materials. Both creative writers vividly describe nonfictional events in order for the reader to comprehend the material. This allows the reader to enjoy a horrendous read because of its creative tactics through the use of literary techniques. The authors enjoy taking factual events and exercising their creativity and opinions.
Both literary works include journalism and creative writing elements when composed. Creative writing allows the writer to include any information and exaggerate factual details where as journalism is based on stating factual research without the use of literary techniques. In both creative nonfiction works the authors present the lackluster factual events as pleasurable well written material. Currently the writing style and genre of today’s new writers is shifting towards creative nonfiction because it allows for freedom of ideas and unique individual style to develop. This is what makes creative nonfiction unique and isolates it from other forms of writing because it is not limited to a single structured from.

GIULIANI

With authoritative leadership and respect Mayor Rudolph Giuliani accomplished the most for New York. Giuliani has faced many challenges during his time but his hard work ethic allowed Giuliani to take action against these challenges. Giuliani started making changes from the beginning to the end of his mayoral campaign. He had increasingly raised employment, prevented crime, improved the economy, and made New York the safest city. During his eight years in office he accomplished the most for New York and led New York to a prosperous time.
When Giuliani began his time in office, he initiated a workfare program that enabled people that were on welfare to be self-sufficient and to work. The workfare was established because Giuliani as well as New York had more than a million New Yorkers on welfare. This program helped boost the economy and loosen the deficit the government faced. This first challenge was the first of many faced by Giuliani. Another challenge he faced was the significant crime problem. Giuliani adopted a crime prevention program, where he reduced murder and crime by half. He suppressed every form of disorder form graffiti to violence. He changed the mentality of New York by enabling the New York Police Department to use computer mapping he was able to find the exact locations with the highest violent crime rate. During his time in office the crime rate fell by fifty percent. Giuliani successfully was able to have a drop in the crime rate because he was able to change the New York economy. Income and land value rose throughout the city. Neighborhoods were made safe and better living conditions were restored. While Giuliani improved New York’s crime, employment, and crime he also improved the city’s budget. He was able to cut taxes to change the billion dollar budget deficit into a multi-billion dollar surplus. He is single-handily responsible for turning every challenge into a positive benefit.
Giuliani improved New York’s crime, employment, crime, improved the city’s budget. However, I believe Giuliani’s approach on crime even though it was a great tactic if he would have diminished the use of guns even if you have a gun license in New York. Also I believe he could have raised employment if he had built a new structure, tunnel, bridge, and/or road but other than those options Giuliani was the best mayor and had superb plans in making his mark and impacting the culture of New York. He will go down as the best mayor of New York.

GO DISCOVER NEW YORK!

Analytical Question: Analyze the social, political, and economic impact(s) of the Irish Immigration on New York.

Over the course of history, New York was known as the second home of many immigrants. Many immigrants come to New York to escape tyranny, hunger, disease, and oppression. For many New York was a place to begin a new life, it was a place of many different cultures and different religious beliefs. The Irish was one group of immigrants that have impacted New York’s history. They were one of the most significant groups that helped establish the culture of New York. The potato crop was the basis of agricultural and economic growth of the Irish. When the potato crop was struck by a disease (blight), so was the Irish nation. The infamous Irish potato famine wiped out more than two million Irish people. Scores of Irish people had traveled across the Atlantic Ocean in order to escape the pain and suffering the potato famine caused. As the Irish immigrants approached the shores of New York, they had faced many hardships, poverty, oppression, hatred, and abandonment of their beliefs. The Irish were strongly discriminated against because they were catholic and New York was dominantly a Protestant state. For many years they were just above free blacks on the social ladder. The Irish had worked laborious jobs that consisted of long hard hours and low pay. With the low pay that the Irish were receiving they had spent much of it to send for family or relatives to come. This was known as chain migration. During the civil war, a vast amount of Irish immigrants became involved in New York’s infamous Draft Riots. From their arrival in New York the Irish had competed with freed slaves for jobs and cheapest housing. After years of frustration and bottled-up emotions, the Irish finally erupted on the streets. Federal troops from Gettysburg had to be called in to stop the violence. The Irish immigrants harmed everyone and anything that wads in their way regardless if it was a black man or a rich man. Slowly throughout history the Irish began to make their way up the social ladder. After the Civil War, Irish immigrants provided the backbreaking work needed for the enormous expansion of rapidly industrializing America. Job opportunities were plenty during the building of the Erie Canal. Irish immigrants built new streets, sewerage, lighting, and transit systems, and residential, commercial, and public structures. However, wages were low, working conditions often dangerous, and work days long. Several Irish people began to establish themselves in politics and involved themselves in real estate. It was in the late 19th century, the Irish began to make their mark on New York. They soon became involved with Tammany Hall swaying the political votes and eventually became the model for every immigrant coming to New York.
The first large wave of immigrants came in the mid 19th century causing a huge revolutionary impact on New York’s political, social, and economic culture. As the numerous amounts of Irish began to arrive in the New York shores, they were quickly put at the bottom of society. However, many Irish people had come across fellow countrymen that guaranteed incoming Irish immigrants a place to live and security in return when it was time to vote the immigrants had to vote as they were told. In New York’s history there was one political machine that stood out and it was known as Tammany Hall. The infamous Tammany Hall helped the Irish rise to power. It was a powerful and corrupt organization that had traded jobs and favors for money and votes. As massive amounts of Irish immigrants unloaded onto the shores of New York competition grew for homes and jobs. This stimulated the creation of gangs in New York. Those that had struggled financially had eventually turned to crime with their own fellow countrymen. The Irish immigrants that turned to crime had formed the most dangerous gang of New York. Much of the Irish immigrants had lived in the slums of New York such as the five points. The five points was located in the lower part of New York that had connected five streets to form the most notorious gang violence. The five points area has produced a key members that was Irish such as Paul Kelly. Many of the immigrants that were packed into these tenements had died of violence, disease, hunger, and other insufficient living conditions. The five points was an area filled with sex, violence, crime, and garbage. Even though, the Irish immigrants took up many difficult and unskilled jobs that were available. While the women worked as cooks or maids to the prosperous families. Other women found an alternative way of earning money as they turned to prostitution. There was an intense rivalry that had taken place between the Irish and free blacks. The Irish were willing to do anything to maintain a job. They had worked long hours for very low pay. However, many were still without a job and this led to violent behavior to occur on the streets mainly in the “Five Points” area. Due to high rates of unemployment, a higher rate of alcohol was being consumed and crimes had increased because those that didn’t work had stayed outside all day and caused mischief. The Irish immigrants have found the easy way out and that way was through Tammany Hall. As large amounts of immigrants were now able to vote, they began to get very heavily involved in politics. Tammany Hall provided these immigrants with various opportunities. Tammany Hall did many things for the Irish immigrants. Tammany not only provided food, money, and a job but also a social benefit. It enabled all Irish immigrants a place of friendship for those that were unfamiliar with New York. Tammany Hall has helped the Irish rise to power. In the mid 1800’s, the incoming Irish immigrants had used violence to control the New York voting polls. In exchange for their vote they were given food and money to take care of themselves and their families. Tammany Hall had an Irish boss that played a significant in New York’s political and economical functioning. Boss William Tweed used the support and leverage of the Irish immigration to control business, government, and law enforcement. The Irish joined the Democratic Party that was Tammany Hall, established themselves into police precincts, city council, and eventually becoming political machines. They maintained long-time job security and stable paying job positions. Soon the government, police, and fire department were filled with Irish immigrants. Tammany had played in intricate role in the Democratic election of Al Smith. Out of Tammany Hall was a “grandson” of Irish immigrants who rose from the filthy tenements of the Lower East Side. Al Smith first emerged on to the scene as the governor of New York. Smith had lost the presidency election to Hoover but his hard work and determination led the way for many Irish immigrants in New York.
The impacts of the Irish immigrants are tremendous. They had made significant contributions to New York. They had established the identity of New York for years to come. The Irish began to make their mark on New York. They soon became involved with Tammany Hall swaying the political votes and eventually became the model for every immigrant coming to New York. As large amounts of immigrants were now able to vote, they began to get very heavily involved in politics. Tammany Hall provided these immigrants with various opportunities. The Irish set the precedent for many immigrants that came later on to follow.

Wikipedia Entry

After analyzing many aspects of the Wikipedia entry I have realized that the overall quality and usefulness of the entry was overall very helpful to my research project. The evidence provided in my entry is a timeline of the leaders and many pictures. It does include very scholarly sources in the bibliography and scholarly sources are also used in the citations. Most of the sources provided are reliable most are not scholarly and the information does differ from source to source. The entry does include detailed factual information and is supported by many citations. The entry does appear neutral but in one section of my entry the neutrality does seem to be disputed. The statement in the entry is not based on fact but rather opinion. The entry seems to very much compare with the materials read in class but not very much with my topic because the information presented seems to answer the factual questions but doesn’t provide much information to answer the analytical questions. Overall the entry is simplistic, it does appear logical, well-supported but not much of the topic was covered as a whole unit it was very wide-spread and not very narrowed in on one specific area.

Bibliography

· Glazier, Michael, ed. The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America (1999).

· Kenny, Kevin. The American Irish: A History (2000). New York: Longman.

· George W. Potter. (1960). To the Golden Door: The Story of the Irish in Ireland and America. New York: Greenwood Press.

· Anbinder, Tyler. Five Points: The Nineteenth-Century New York City Neighborhood (2001).

· Greeley, Andrew M. The Irish Americans: The Rise to Money and Power. (1993).

· Campbell Gibson, "The Contribution of Immigration to the Growth and Ethnic Diversity of the American Population", in: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 136 (1992).

· Roger Daniels, Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life, New York 1991

GROUNDWORK OF THE METAPHYSICS OF MORALS

In Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant is instituting the supreme principles of morality. The groundwork for the metaphysics of morals is the foundation in which Kant attempts to prove such principles that morality exists. Morality is a principle that pertains to the behavior of rational beings. Kant believes this principle is knowledge of pure judgments about morality for which all ethics exist. The judgments about morality cannot be based on experience but instead they should be free of the realistic state. Our actions are derived from other universal principles.
Section 1 is entitled the Transition from the ordinary rational knowledge of Morality to the Philosophical. Kant intends to “proceed analytically from ordinary knowledge to a determination of the supreme principle.” When rationalizing the knowledge of morality we must analyze the subject in its original form but be also analyze the unseen principals to determine the supreme principle. Kant starts his argument that the only thing that qualifies as absolute moral virtue is “good will.” It is absolutely free in every aspect because no one knows what its effects are or accomplishments and we cannot reduce from its value. To Kant “good will” is discovering the principle of the virtuous person. To do this one must concentrate on the virtuous person’s actions. Kant knows there must be a type of motivation for the virtuous person to perform “good will” actions.
Kant identifies three types of motivation for the actions. The first of the motivations is duty; the action performed should be done only because it is morally right. Secondly, there is an immediate inclination because there is an enjoyment from performing the certain action. The last of the three types of motivation is the instrumental inclination, and this action is performed because there is some ultimate independent end. Ultimately, Kant determines the person who performs a “good will” action in respect to the moral law will have a unique moral worth.

In section two of Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Moral, Kant presents his theory of practical reasoning. He highlights part of the principles of practical reason are moral laws, “present the practical faculty of reason from its universal rules of determination to the point where the concept of duty springs from it.” Kant distinguishes the laws of practical reason as two separate imperatives. The hypothetical imperative demands performance of an action for an ultimate end. However, the categorical imperative unconditionally demands performance of an action for itself. There is a significant difference between the two types of imperatives. Hypothetical imperatives require following the laws of another for an ultimate end and categorical imperatives are independent of ultimate end.
Kant provides several different formulations in which the categorical imperative can be expressed. There are three important formulations: Formula of Humanity, Formula of the Kingdom of Ends, and the Formula of the Universal Law. The Formula of the Universal Law is the most important of the three formulations. It can be used to create a “contradiction test” for all possible maxims of actions. Kant states “Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” If a maxim does not pass the test then we are obligated to not act on this maxim. However if the maxim does pass the test then we are allowed to act on this maxim. In order to identify which actions are morally allowed Kant proposes a categorical imperative experiment. First the maxim of action should be formulated. The maxim is a combination of an action and a purpose for which that action is performed. Then a corresponding formula is formulated, the “law of nature” is used to simplify the individual maxim. Finally, after imagining a world in which this “law” will be insinuated, one must determine if one could will the action in this state.
Kant theorizes a contradiction of his formula would proceed. As a result of this contradiction, Kant demonstrates a false promise is morally impermissible but if the maxim does pass the categorical test then the action is morally permissible. He mentions two aspects of a contradiction: a contradiction in conception and a contradiction in the will. The maxims that cause the contradiction in conception demonstrate that we have perfect duties to ourselves and others. While those maxims that cause the contradiction in the will demonstrate we have imperfect duties to ourselves and others.
In section III of Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Kant transitions from the Metaphysics of Morals to critiquing practical reason. Section III differs from sections I and II because Kant begins to show how moral law is applied to our everyday lives. Kant classifies freedom and necessity. According to Kant freedom of will and necessity are both used when performing an action based on practical reason “…freedom would be the property of this causality that makes it effective independent of any determination of alien causes...” He initiates his arguments as such there are two types of freedoms present, the negative freedom and positive freedom. The positive freedom is an uncaused cause whereas the negative freedom is believed to be by an alien cause. In order to be positively free the will must be governed by moral laws so for Kant “a free will and a will subject to moral laws are one and the same.” There is a rational correlation between freedom and morality. Kant states if we are rational human beings then we are compelled to act under the idea of freedom. Our actions are free and are not compelled by outside idea “…every rational being who has a will also the idea of freedom, under which only such a being can act…” When performing an act we must be negatively free because the negatively free will must lead to the positively free will, it sets up the premises for the act. If we are rational then we must have a will. Kant concludes that a rational will and a categorical imperative will are equivalent.So to help the common person differentiate between the two he develops two worlds. There is the rational world and the empirical world. The empirical world is the world of appearances where we follow the laws of nature for the outcome of our actions. The world of “as is” we view ourselves as subject to the laws which are based only on reason and are independent of nature.